Size 26 mm.
Enameled flag of Manchukuo.
満洲里會議記念 - Manchurian Conference Commemorative
康德二年 - 1935
Marked 純銀 - pure silver.
Enameled flag of Mongolian People's Republic.
Text in old Mongolian duplicates the inscription on the obverse.
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Manchurian Conference /満洲里會議; Manchūri Kaigi/ was a series of diplomatic meetings held in Manchuria between 1935 and 1937 to resolve the border issue between the Mongolian People's Republic and Manchuria . The meetings were attended by government representatives from the Mongolian People's Republic and Manchuria, and diplomatic negotiations were conducted under the influence of the Soviet Union and the Japanese government behind both countries, but they were discontinued without achieving any concrete results.
After Japan established Manchukuo following the Manchurian Incident, border disputes arose between Manchukuo and the Mongolian People's Republic, a satellite state of the Soviet Union. The Hulunbuir region, where the border between the two countries is located, is a sparsely populated grassland inhabited by nomads , and the border was unclear. There was a border between the Khalkha and Barga peoples that had been established during the Qing Dynasty's rule before Mongolian independence, but the terrain lacked landmarks and some of the markers had weathered. Japan and Manchukuo took the position that the previous border was merely an administrative division of the Qing Dynasty, and claimed that the Khalkha River and other rivers were the border, resulting in a disputed area.
In 1935 (Showa 10), neither the Soviet Union nor the Mongolian People's Republic recognized Manchukuo as a state , and conversely, the only country that recognized the Mongolian People's Republic was the Soviet Union. Therefore, border negotiations between Manchukuo and Mongolia had not been realized. There was also the issue of the Soviet-Manchukuo border, and these demarcation negotiations were also at a standstill.
It was in this context that the Harha Temple Incident occurred in January 1935, when a gunfight broke out between the Mongolian border guards and the Manchurian army 's North Xing'an Province security forces near a Buddhist temple on the border between Mongolia and Manchukuo. Although it was small-scale, it was the first battle to result in casualties on both sides, and it was a departure from previous situations, as not only the Manchurian army but also the Japanese army was deployed. Both Mongolia and Manchukuo issued statements condemning each other for crossing the border.
On January 28, 1935, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the Manchukuo government was aiming to resolve the Harharmiao Incident through on-site negotiations by the North Xing'an Security Army, and that the demarcation of the border between Manchukuo and Mongolia would be an appropriate way to prevent conflict. In line with Japan's intentions, Major General Urzin Galmaev, commander of the North Xing'an Security Army, under instructions from the Manchukuo Ministry of Foreign Affairs, asked the Mongolian government on February 1 to respond with its preferred location and date for the border demarcation conference. On February 19, Japanese Foreign Minister Hirota Koki issued an instruction to Jiro Minami, ambassador to Manchukuo (also commander of the Kwantung Army ), to induce direct negotiations between Manchukuo and Mongolia to finalize the border.
Meanwhile, upon receiving Manchukuo's proposal, Mongolian Prime Minister Gendun replied on February 5 that he was prepared for peaceful negotiations. He expressed a desire to hold the conference in Ulan -Ude , a "third country," with the Soviet Union acting as an intermediary. Manchukuo expressed reservations about holding the conference in Ulan-Ude and having Soviet observers attend, and after further negotiations it was decided that the conference would be held in Manzhouli railway station /станция Маньчжурия/, located on the border between the Soviet Union and Manchukuo.
On June 3, 1935 , delegations from Mongolia and Manchukuo held the first conference in Manzhouli . The Mongolian delegation consisted of eight members, including G. Sambo, second deputy commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army, and G. Danba, commander of the 2nd Eastern Cavalry Regiment. Manchukuo's chief representative was Ling Sheng, governor of North Xingan Province , and 12 others, including Urjin, commander of the North Xingan Guard Army, Kanki Shoichi , counselor to the Manchukuo Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Saito, advisor to the Military and Political Affairs Department, attended the conference. At the outset, the Manchukuo side insisted on a fundamental solution through the establishment of diplomatic relations, but as the Mongolian delegation was only given limited negotiating powers, no compromise was reached, and it was decided to first discuss the establishment of a border dispute settlement committee .
However, on June 24, during the conference, the Holsten River Incident occurred in the Holsten River basin (Hulunbuir) in the Mongolian-Manchukuo border area , where a Japanese Kwantung Army survey team was arrested by the Mongolian border guards on suspicion of illegal border crossing. The detainees and surveying equipment were returned, but both Manchuria and Mongolia insisted that the other side had illegally crossed the border. On July 4, the Manchukuo delegation made a strong demand for the punishment of those responsible, the mutual acceptance of diplomatic representatives as a measure to prevent recurrence, and the withdrawal of Mongolian troops from east of Tamsk to establish a demilitarized zone , and mentioned the possibility of using force. The Soviet Union also protested directly to Japan.
In response to Manchukuo's demand for mutual stationing of plenipotentiaries on both sides, the Mongolian delegation strongly opposed it, stating that it was based on instructions from the Soviet Union and was an infringement of sovereignty, but on July 29th they made a concession, agreeing to accept a representative body for the sole purpose of settling the border dispute. The Manchukuo delegation requested that concrete discussions be started, but the Mongolian delegation returned to Japan on August 26th, citing a need to hold discussions with their home country. Some researchers count this as the first conference, and the period following as the second conference.
Negotiations resumed with the same members on October 2, and the agenda focused on the concrete realization of the mutual presence of the already agreed upon representative bodies for conflict resolution. The Manchukuo side proposed appointing local commissioners in four border locations, including Manzhouli and Tamsk in Mongolian territory, as well as central commissioners in both capitals, Xinjing and Ulaanbaatar. The Mongolian side responded by agreeing only to appoint local commissioners in two locations, and refusing to establish a central commissioner. The conference closed on November 25 without reaching an agreement.
Enameled flag of Manchukuo.
満洲里會議記念 - Manchurian Conference Commemorative
康德二年 - 1935
Marked 純銀 - pure silver.
Enameled flag of Mongolian People's Republic.
Text in old Mongolian duplicates the inscription on the obverse.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Manchurian Conference /満洲里會議; Manchūri Kaigi/ was a series of diplomatic meetings held in Manchuria between 1935 and 1937 to resolve the border issue between the Mongolian People's Republic and Manchuria . The meetings were attended by government representatives from the Mongolian People's Republic and Manchuria, and diplomatic negotiations were conducted under the influence of the Soviet Union and the Japanese government behind both countries, but they were discontinued without achieving any concrete results.
After Japan established Manchukuo following the Manchurian Incident, border disputes arose between Manchukuo and the Mongolian People's Republic, a satellite state of the Soviet Union. The Hulunbuir region, where the border between the two countries is located, is a sparsely populated grassland inhabited by nomads , and the border was unclear. There was a border between the Khalkha and Barga peoples that had been established during the Qing Dynasty's rule before Mongolian independence, but the terrain lacked landmarks and some of the markers had weathered. Japan and Manchukuo took the position that the previous border was merely an administrative division of the Qing Dynasty, and claimed that the Khalkha River and other rivers were the border, resulting in a disputed area.
In 1935 (Showa 10), neither the Soviet Union nor the Mongolian People's Republic recognized Manchukuo as a state , and conversely, the only country that recognized the Mongolian People's Republic was the Soviet Union. Therefore, border negotiations between Manchukuo and Mongolia had not been realized. There was also the issue of the Soviet-Manchukuo border, and these demarcation negotiations were also at a standstill.
It was in this context that the Harha Temple Incident occurred in January 1935, when a gunfight broke out between the Mongolian border guards and the Manchurian army 's North Xing'an Province security forces near a Buddhist temple on the border between Mongolia and Manchukuo. Although it was small-scale, it was the first battle to result in casualties on both sides, and it was a departure from previous situations, as not only the Manchurian army but also the Japanese army was deployed. Both Mongolia and Manchukuo issued statements condemning each other for crossing the border.
On January 28, 1935, the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that the Manchukuo government was aiming to resolve the Harharmiao Incident through on-site negotiations by the North Xing'an Security Army, and that the demarcation of the border between Manchukuo and Mongolia would be an appropriate way to prevent conflict. In line with Japan's intentions, Major General Urzin Galmaev, commander of the North Xing'an Security Army, under instructions from the Manchukuo Ministry of Foreign Affairs, asked the Mongolian government on February 1 to respond with its preferred location and date for the border demarcation conference. On February 19, Japanese Foreign Minister Hirota Koki issued an instruction to Jiro Minami, ambassador to Manchukuo (also commander of the Kwantung Army ), to induce direct negotiations between Manchukuo and Mongolia to finalize the border.
Meanwhile, upon receiving Manchukuo's proposal, Mongolian Prime Minister Gendun replied on February 5 that he was prepared for peaceful negotiations. He expressed a desire to hold the conference in Ulan -Ude , a "third country," with the Soviet Union acting as an intermediary. Manchukuo expressed reservations about holding the conference in Ulan-Ude and having Soviet observers attend, and after further negotiations it was decided that the conference would be held in Manzhouli railway station /станция Маньчжурия/, located on the border between the Soviet Union and Manchukuo.
On June 3, 1935 , delegations from Mongolia and Manchukuo held the first conference in Manzhouli . The Mongolian delegation consisted of eight members, including G. Sambo, second deputy commander-in-chief of the Mongolian army, and G. Danba, commander of the 2nd Eastern Cavalry Regiment. Manchukuo's chief representative was Ling Sheng, governor of North Xingan Province , and 12 others, including Urjin, commander of the North Xingan Guard Army, Kanki Shoichi , counselor to the Manchukuo Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Saito, advisor to the Military and Political Affairs Department, attended the conference. At the outset, the Manchukuo side insisted on a fundamental solution through the establishment of diplomatic relations, but as the Mongolian delegation was only given limited negotiating powers, no compromise was reached, and it was decided to first discuss the establishment of a border dispute settlement committee .
However, on June 24, during the conference, the Holsten River Incident occurred in the Holsten River basin (Hulunbuir) in the Mongolian-Manchukuo border area , where a Japanese Kwantung Army survey team was arrested by the Mongolian border guards on suspicion of illegal border crossing. The detainees and surveying equipment were returned, but both Manchuria and Mongolia insisted that the other side had illegally crossed the border. On July 4, the Manchukuo delegation made a strong demand for the punishment of those responsible, the mutual acceptance of diplomatic representatives as a measure to prevent recurrence, and the withdrawal of Mongolian troops from east of Tamsk to establish a demilitarized zone , and mentioned the possibility of using force. The Soviet Union also protested directly to Japan.
In response to Manchukuo's demand for mutual stationing of plenipotentiaries on both sides, the Mongolian delegation strongly opposed it, stating that it was based on instructions from the Soviet Union and was an infringement of sovereignty, but on July 29th they made a concession, agreeing to accept a representative body for the sole purpose of settling the border dispute. The Manchukuo delegation requested that concrete discussions be started, but the Mongolian delegation returned to Japan on August 26th, citing a need to hold discussions with their home country. Some researchers count this as the first conference, and the period following as the second conference.
Negotiations resumed with the same members on October 2, and the agenda focused on the concrete realization of the mutual presence of the already agreed upon representative bodies for conflict resolution. The Manchukuo side proposed appointing local commissioners in four border locations, including Manzhouli and Tamsk in Mongolian territory, as well as central commissioners in both capitals, Xinjing and Ulaanbaatar. The Mongolian side responded by agreeing only to appoint local commissioners in two locations, and refusing to establish a central commissioner. The conference closed on November 25 without reaching an agreement.